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      2017                            d10aAdult10aFemale10aHumans10aAged10aMale10aMiddle Aged10aRisk Factors10aProspective Studies10aPrevalence10aRisk Assessment10aCardiovascular Diseases10aYoung Adult10aSurvival Rate10aRetrospective Studies10aSex Distribution10aLife Expectancy10aGlobal Health10aCause of Death10aMorbidity1 aAbera Semaw1 aBanerjee Amitava1 aBedi Neeraj1 aBhutta Zulfiqar1 aCatalá-Lopéz Ferrán1 aCirillo Massimo1 aDandona Lalit1 aDandona Rakhi1 aDing Eric1 aGona Philimon1 aKhang Young-Ho1 aKim Daniel1 aKosen Soewarta1 aG Kumar Anil1 aLarsson Anders1 aLotufo Paulo1 aMeretoja Atte1 aNaghavi Mohsen1 aVollset Stein1 aVos Theo1 aWesterman Ronny1 aYip Paul1 aYonemoto Naohiro1 aYounis Mustafa1 aYu Chuanhua1 aZaki Maysaa1 aGupta Rajeev1 aAbate Kalkidan1 aÄrnlöv Johan1 aBarregård Lars1 aKhader Yousef1 aKolte Dhaval1 aRazek Hassan1 aSilva Diego1 aWerdecker Andrea1 aYano Yuichiro1 aOwolabi Mayowa1 aSalomon Joshua1 aRoth Gregory1 aJohnson Catherine1 aAbajobir Amanuel1 aAbd-Allah Foad1 aAbyu Gebre1 aAhmed Muktar1 aAksut Baran1 aAlam Tahiya1 aAlam Khurshid1 aAlla François1 aAlvis-Guzman Nelson1 aAmrock Stephen1 aAnsari Hossein1 aAsayesh Hamid1 aAtey Tesfay1 aAvila-Burgos Leticia1 aAwasthi Ashish1 aBarac Aleksandra1 aBärnighausen Till1 aKetema Ezra1 aBennett Derrick1 aBerhe Gebremedhin1 aBitew Shimelash1 aCarapetis Jonathan1 aCarrero Juan1 aMalta Deborah1 aCastañeda-Orjuela Carlos1 aCastillo-Rivas Jacqueline1 aChoi Jee-Young1 aChristensen Hanne1 aCooper Leslie1 aCriqui Michael1 aCundiff David1 aDamasceno Albertino1 aDavletov Kairat1 aDharmaratne Samath1 aDorairaj Prabhakaran1 aDubey Manisha1 aEhrenkranz Rebecca1 aFaraon Emerito1 aEsteghamati Alireza1 aFarid Talha1 aFarvid Maryam1 aFeigin Valery1 aFowkes Gerry1 aGebrehiwot Tsegaye1 aGillum Richard1 aGold Audra1 aHabtewold Tesfa1 aHafezi-Nejad Nima1 aHailu Tesfaye1 aHailu Gessessew1 aHankey Graeme1 aHassen Hamid1 aHavmoeller Rasmus1 aHay Simon1 aHorino Masako1 aHotez Peter1 aJacobsen Kathryn1 aJames Spencer1 aJavanbakht Mehdi1 aJeemon Panniyammakal1 aJohn Denny1 aJonas Jost1 aKalkonde Yogeshwar1 aKarimkhani Chante1 aKasaeian Amir1 aKhan Abdur1 aKhera Sahil1 aKhoja Abdullah1 aKhubchandani Jagdish1 aKrohn Kristopher1 aLal Dharmesh1 aLinn Shai1 aLopez Alan1 aMalekzadeh Reza1 aMazidi Mohsen1 aMeier Toni1 aMeles Kidanu1 aMensah George1 aMezgebe Haftay1 aMiller Ted1 aMirrakhimov Erkin1 aMohammed Shafiu1 aMoran Andrew1 aMusa Kamarul1 aNarula Jagat1 aNgalesoni Frida1 aNguyen Grant1 aObermeyer Carla1 aPatton George1 aPedro João1 aQato Dima1 aQorbani Mostafa1 aRai Rajesh1 aRawaf Salman1 aRibeiro Antônio1 aSafiri Saeid1 aSantos Itamar1 aMilicevic Milena1 aSartorius Benn1 aSchutte Aletta1 aSepanlou Sadaf1 aShaikh Masood1 aShin Min-Jeong1 aShishehbor Mehdi1 aShore Hirbo1 aSobngwi Eugene1 aStranges Saverio1 aSwaminathan Soumya1 aTabarés-Seisdedos Rafael1 aAtnafu Niguse1 aTesfay Fisaha1 aThakur J1 aThrift Amanda1 aTopor-Madry Roman1 aTruelsen Thomas1 aTyrovolas Stefanos1 aUkwaja Kingsley1 aUthman Olalekan1 aVasankari Tommi1 aVlassov Vasiliy1 aWakayo Tolassa1 aWatkins David1 aWeintraub Robert1 aWiysonge Charles1 aWolfe Charles1 aWorkicho Abdulhalik1 aXu Gelin1 aMurray Christopher1 aKwan Gene1 aNeal Bruce1 aRahimi K00aGlobal, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.  a1-250 v703 a<p>
<b>BACKGROUND: </b>The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world.
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<b>OBJECTIVES: </b>The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden.
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<b>METHODS: </b>CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility.
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<b>RESULTS: </b>In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI &gt;0.75.
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<b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
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